During the early years of the 20th century automobiles were still in many ways an emerging invention. Urban areas were doing pretty well in terms of roads and infrastructure, but in the more rural parts of the world, a car was still very much a rare sight. Northern Italy was no exception to this. In it’s earliest days the Italian automobile industry was made up almost entirely of small local manufacturers. Most automotive hubs in the country were in fact just the workshops of local engineers. One such workshop was ran by Alfredo Ferrari in the outskirts of Modena, a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. Alfredo worked mainly as a metalworker, but he also repaired cars in his workshop, since he owned one and knew how it worked.
Alfredo would often get his young son Enzo to help him out in the workshop, and in return he would teach Enzo how to drive. Enzo’s childhood ambition was to become a race car driver, but before he was old enough to even try to pursue it Wolrd War 1 broke out, and his father and bigger brother were drafted into the Italian army. Both of them died in 1916 during an influenza epidemic, and the family business died along with them. Just one year later Enzo was also drafted as a military blacksmith, but due to his poor health he was discharged in 1918 after barely a year of service. Unemployed and desperate, Enzo took up a job to drive ex-military refurbished chassis between Turin and Milan for an engineer that was rebodying them for the civilian market.
While working there Enzo met a lot of engineers and former race car drivers. Eventually they gave him the opportunity to pursue his dream of becoming a race car driver himself. Enzo’s first race was the Parma Poggio di Berceto, a hillclimb race on October 5, 1919 where he managed to place fourth. In 1920 he went to drive for Alfa Romeo, and in 1923 he managed to win the Circuito del Savio in Ravenna. The Savio track was one of the most competitive tracks in Italy at the time, and Enzo’s victory was a huge surprise. One of the patrons of the race, Count Enrico Baracca, was so impressed with Enzo’s performance that he invited him over to his mansion. There the Count’s wife recounted the tale of their deceased son, Italy’s top scoring fighter ace from World War 1, Francesco Baracca. Francesco was credited with 34 aerial victories, the highest among all Italian pilots from the war.
His plane was decorated with the fearsome cavallino rampante, a black horse prancing on a white background. The Countess was so impressed with Enzo’s racing skills that she dedicated her son’s emblem to him. Enzo ended up winning about a dozen races during his career, and in 1929 he formed his own team, Scuderia Ferrari, which served as Alfa Romeo’s racing team for ten years. It is worth noting here that Ferrari actually means ‘blacksmith’ etymologically and it’s one of the most common surnames in Italy, essentially the italian equivalent of the surname Smith. But back to Enzo: For the team’s emblem he chose the cavallino rampante, changing the white background to yellow, the color of Modena. Enzo had a nose for talent, and he attracted some of the best drivers of his day. Legends like Tazio Nuvolari and Giuseppe Campari helped Enzo’s team win numerous races.
Among some of their victories were the Targa Florio, the Le Mans 24 Hours race, and over a dozen Grands Prix. In 1938 Alfa Romeo decided to disband Scuderia Ferrari in order to build a team with their own name. At first Enzo remained as a manager of the new team, but just one year later he left Alfa Romeo in order to form his own company, Auto Avio Costruzioni. Enzo’s departure came with a sizable severance package, but under the condition that he would not compete with Alfa Romeo’s new racing team for a period of four years. During that time his company manufactured machine tools and aircraft parts for Mussolini’s fascist government, although in 1940 Enzo did try to design a race car of his own, the AAC 815. In just under four months Enzo designed and built two of those cars. Only one of them still exists, and it’s now a part of the Righini Collection, one of Italy’s finest private car collections housed in a 15th century castle outside Modena.
As World War 2 drew to a close the Allies ended up bombing Enzo’s factory, but he had it back up and running by 1946. One year later Enzo unveiled the Ferrari 125 S, the first car to race under the Ferrari name. Unlike the 815, which used an 8-cylinder engine designed by Fiat, Enzo had his engineers develop their own V shaped engine with 6 cylinders on either side. The V12, as it is called, has remained Ferrari’s go-to engine for most of the models built since the Second World War. In 1948 Enzo released the Ferrari 166, the successor of the 125 S, and it became the company’s first big international hit. Ferrari’s first big racing victory came in 1952 when Alberto Ascari claimed the Formula One World Drivers’ Championship title driving a Ferrari Tipo 500. Ascari would claim the title for Ferrari a second time the very next year, becoming the first driver to win multiple titles in a row. It’s worth noting here that Formula One is actually comprised of two Championships, one for the drivers and one for the constructors.
Although the rules have changed considerably since the 1950s, the modern iteration requires teams to field two cars at every Grand Prix. The teams can have up to four drivers per season, and these drivers win points both for themselves and their team after every race. Only the first ten drivers to finish a race are awarded any points at all, and at the end of the season the driver with the most points wins the Drivers’ Championship. The same method is used to determine which team wins the Constructors’ Championship, but because teams can have multiple drivers sometimes the two titles don’t go to the same team. Anyway, back to Ferrari. In 1957 they released the Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa, which continued the company’s victory spree as it secured three World Sportscar Championship titles in 1958, 1960 and 1961. The beginning of the 1960s, however, was actually a very turbulent time for Ferrari.
Several senior employees had opposed Enzo’s decision to involve his wife Laura as a manager of the company. Laura was apparently very mouthy and had an opinion on everything, which, well, it didn’t really win her any sympathy points, that’s for sure. Eventually Ferrari’s Sales Manager Girolamo Gardini confronted Enzo and presented him with a letter signed by 8 of his colleagues demanding Laura’s resignation. Girolamo’s direct approach didn’t really work though, since instead Enzo fired all nine employees who had signed the letter. This was a huge loss of talent for Ferrari, and the event came to be known as the Great Walkout. The timing of the scandal couldn’t have been worse, since Ferrari had suffered the death of four of its drivers over the past two years. All of Ferrari’s developing models were put on halt, and it took Enzo a year before he could finally resume production. Although the Great Walkout was the most disastrous scandal in Ferrari’s history, it can be argued that it was in fact a blessing in disguise.
Enzo hired a lot of young engineers to fill the gap left by his former employees, and these newcomers designed one of Ferrari’s most iconic grand tourers, the Ferrari 250 GTO. Only 39 of these beauties were ever produced, which is actually pretty surprising, since the International Automobile Federation required at least a hundred cars to be built before approving the model for racing. Enzo managed to cheat his way to approval by numbering the chassis out of sequence and, when the inspectors came to visit, he shuffled the cars around in different locations. Enzo got the 250 GTO approved, and it ended up winning the World Sportscar Championship for three years in a row. The few 250 GTOs left in the world have become extremely valuable. In fact, in 2014 one car sold for over 38 million dollars at the Bonhams Quail Lodge in California.
The 1960s ended up being one of Ferrari’s best decades. They also saw the release of Ferrari’s first grand tourer equipped with a transaxle, the Ferrari 275, and it’s successor, the Ferrari Daytona. Towards the end of the 60s demand for Ferrari cars was becoming so large that Enzo couldn’t build them fast enough. In order to secure investment for the company’s expansion, Enzo sold 50% of the company to Fiat, which back then and to this day remains the largest car manufacturer in Italy. With this newfound capital Enzo expanded Ferrari’s operations, and he even had enough money left over to finance one of his lesser known ideas. He wanted to see whether he could start making cheaper sportscars that he could sell to a wider audience. He didn’t want to compromise the luxurious exclusivity of the Ferrari brand though, so he created a new car brand, which he called Dino, in honor of his firstborn son, Alfredo. Alfredo had died ten years earlier from Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a rare degenerative disease that progressively destroys the muscles of the legs, arms, and eventually the heart.
Alfredo was only 25 when he died, and at the time he was developing a V6 engine. Enzo was shattered by his son's death, and in his honor he created the Dino brand, which featured three main models up until its discontinuation in 1976. The 206 GT and the 246 GT used the V6 engine Alfredo had developed, though the 308 GT4 had a more powerful V8 engine. During the 1970s Ferrari won three Drivers’ Championships thanks to the performance of Niki Lauda and Jody Scheckter, but Ferrari didn’t manage to win that title again for 20 years. The situation further worsened in 1982 with the death of Gilles Villeneuve in the Belgian Grand Prix. The tragedy shook the racing world, since Gilles was one of the most popular drivers at the time.
In 1984 Ferrari produced the iconic Testarossa, which shares the name of Testa Rossa from the 1950s, although this model’s name is spelled as a single word. Surprisingly enough, the Testarossa from the 80s didn’t appear in any official race. Even so it’s still one of the most widely recognizable Ferraris, since it was featured in the final three seasons of Miami Vice. In 1987 Enzo celebrated the 40th anniversary of his company by releasing the Ferrari F40, but just one year Enzo’s death cast a bad light on the model. Speculators quadrupled the price of the F40 in the hopes of profiting from the car’s reputation as the last model personally approved by Enzo. In fact, estimates from 1990 state that barely 10% of all F40s sold were actually used for driving. Enzo’s death caused a dramatic shift in the company’s ownership. His only living heir was his second son Piero, who inherited his father’s 50% stake in Ferrari and promptly sold most of it to Fiat for an undisclosed sum in exchange for becoming Vice Chairman.
In the end, Fiat ended up owning 90% of the company, with the remaining 10% in the hands of Piero. Despite the death of Enzo, however, the 1990s turned out to be a revival period for Ferrari’s racing team. In 1993 Ferrari hired a new General Manager, Jean Todt, who would eventually become the CEO of Ferrari and the President of the International Automobile Federation. Under his guidance Ferrari acquired Michael Schumacher in 1996. Now at the time Ferrari’s Formula One team was in horrible shape: they hadn’t won a single Drivers’ Championship since 1979, their pitstop crew was a running joke, and their V12 engine couldn’t match the lighter, more fuel efficient V10s of their competitors. Michael Schumacher’s decision to join Ferrari was surprising to say the least, although to be fair they did offer him 60 million dollars for a two year contract. Even today, Ferrari consistently outbids their competitors to get the best drivers: in the 2016 season, for example, the most well paid driver is Ferrari’s Sebastian Vettel, who earns a cozy 50 million dollars per year.
But back to Schumacher. In the 1996 Drivers’ Championship he placed third by winning three races for Ferrari, which was more than they had won in the previous five years. Schumacher stellar performance didn’t really start until the year 2000, when he defeated McLaren’s Mika Häkkinen to win Ferrari their first Drivers’ Championship in 20 years. He then went on to win the Drivers’ Championship four more times in a row, becoming the most decorated F1 driver in history. His reign during these five years was unprecedented: In 2001 he won the Drivers’ Championship with a 58 point lead, and for the next season his lead was even larger at 67 points. It wouldn’t be until 2005 that Schumacher was dethroned by the up-and-coming Fernando Alonso, who would eventually secure two titles for Renault. The early 2000s were the time when Ferrari truly re-emerged on the global racing scene. Schumacher’s performance helped Ferrari become the team with the most victories in both the Drivers’ and Constructors’ Championships, an achievement they hold to this day. Ferrari’s highlight car from the period was the Ferrari Enzo. It was released in 2002 and it became the first Ferrari to use the new generation of V12 engines, the F140, which is still used in contemporary models.
Ferrari’s latest model is from 2013 and it is aptly named LaFerrari, with the idea that it is the definitive Ferrari sportscar. With the stunning price tag of 1.4 million dollars, only 499 LaFerraris have been built so far. Recently Ferrari announced they’d be building a 500th one to the benefit of those affected by the deadly earthquake that struck Central Italy in August. Interestingly enough Fiat decided to get rid of their involvement in Ferrari, and so on January 3, 2016 they took the company public. Although that came as a surprise to Ferrari enthusiasts, the move was actually pretty calculated. Ferrari had always enjoyed full autonomy from Fiat’s management team, so the transition wouldn’t be anywhere near as difficult for them as it would be for a regular company. Fiat also benefits from the split because they’re short on capital for their expensive plans to reinvigorate their Jeep and Alfa Romeo brands by 2018. Of course, if you look at Fiat’s share price it’s easy to see that investors weren’t too happy with the Ferrari spinoff, but it’s still too early to tell whether the move was actually successful. Ferrari, on the other hand, seem to be doing great, and they’re currently preparing to release 350 special-edition cars for their upcoming 70th anniversary. So far they’re planning on making special editions of their five current models, except the LaFerrari, whose production ends later this year. There’s not a lot of info out just yet, but knowing Ferrari’s production team it’s safe to say their anniversary will probably be a success.
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